What do we know about the relationship between source monitoring deficits and executive dysfunction?

In clinical neuropsychology, source monitoring deficits have been classically attributed to executive dysfunction. Nevertheless, in this review we identified only 16 papers that provided statistical data about the relationships between source monitoring and executive processes. Surprisingly, they reported either a total, partial or non-existent relationship between source monitoring and executive tasks. In order to understand and explain these contradictions, we classified the source and executive tasks of the 16 papers according to two well-accepted definitions. Source tasks were classified using the Source Monitoring Framework (Johnson, Hashtroudi, & Lindsay, 1993 ) which specifies reality and external and internal source monitoring. Executive tasks were classified according to the model of Miyake Friedman, Emerson, Witzki, and Howerter (2000) which specifies complex, shifting, updating and inhibition tasks. We found that evaluation of reality and internal source monitoring was limited. Regarding executive functions, there was no assessment of updating and only a limited assessment of shifting and inhibition. Therefore, the relationship between source monitoring and executive functions remains an open question. Our findings point to the need for the simultaneous assessment of source monitoring and executive functions as defined by multidimensional theoretical frameworks. Such investigations would help in understanding the relationship between specific source monitoring deficits and specific executive decline in clinical populations

Relations entre contrôle de la source en mémoire épisodique et fonctionnement exécutif dans le vieillissement normal

Les travaux sur le vieillissement cognitif normal suggèrent l\u27existence de difficultés pour le contrôle de la source en mémoire épisodique, en lien avec une diminution du contrôle exécutif. Néanmoins, les approches utilisées dans la littérature ne permettent pas de savoir si toutes les dimensions du contrôle de la source se dégradent avec l\u27âge, ni de savoir si certains processus exécutifs sont plus impliqués que d\u27autres dans la diminution du contrôle de la source. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié l\u27effet de l\u27âge sur le contrôle de la source à partir de tâches simples et originales évaluant le contrôle interne, le contrôle externe et le contrôle de la réalité. Plusieurs mécanismes exécutifs ont aussi été évalués. Les tâches ont été proposées à 24 participants jeunes et 22 participants âgés en bonne santé appariés par le sexe et le niveau de vocabulaire au Mill Hill. Les résultats ont montré une détérioration du contrôle de la source en mémoire épisodique, surtout pour le contrôle externe, chez les participants âgés. Ce déclin était très lié à la diminution des performances au test de Stroop. Il semblerait donc que le vieillissement normal s\u27accompagne d\u27une baisse assez globale du contrôle de la source en mémoire épisodique et que cette baisse s\u27expliquerait principalement par l\u27altération des compétences inhibitrices

A Virtual Reality-Based Tool to Investigate Spatial Planning

The early neuropsychological assessment tools have been developed with the construct validity of the measure as a primary consideration. Such traditional tests are known to provide objective and standardized measure. However, they use specialized and decontextualized exercises which break the functioning unity of the multiple cognitive capacities. Thus, tests based on process-oriented exercises have been developed, such as the Zoo Map Test. By soliciting various capacities to solve a practical problem, this test brings an interesting framework to assess multiple aspects of the planning. This test has shown its usefulness in various clinical populations. However, additional investigations are needed to understand planning behaviors in more details and measure them with improved accuracy and ecological validity. To his end, we converted this paper-and-pencil test into a Virtual Reality-based assessment tool of planning. This paper describes the difficulties and the limits as well as the new opportunities in converting a 2D map consisting of roads and places into a 3D virtual environment

Blind fluorescence structured illumination microscopy: A new reconstruction strategy

In this communication, a fast reconstruction algorithm is proposed for fluorescence \textit{blind} structured illumination microscopy (SIM) under the sample positivity constraint. This new algorithm is by far simpler and faster than existing solutions, paving the way to 3D and/or real-time 2D reconstruction.Comment: submitted to IEEE ICIP 201

Directed forgetting of source memory in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Using the source directed forgetting method, the present paper investigated whether older adults and Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD) patients were able to inhibit source information. METHODS: Younger adults, older adults and AD participants were presented with two sets of six items each: Set1 and Set2. Each item was presented by one of two sources: an experimenter black- or white-gloved hand. After the presentation of the Set1 items, participants were instructed either to forget or to continue remembering the source of the items. Afterward, all participants were presented with the Set2 items, and were asked to remember their source. Finally, subjects were exposed to the Set1 and Set2 items, and were asked to recall, for each item, its original source presentation (i.e., the experimenter black- or white-gloved hand). RESULTS: In comparison with younger adults, older adults and AD participants showed no differences in remembering the source of the Set1 and Set2 items. In other words, they failed to inhibit the source information. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our outcomes are discussed in terms of retrieval inhibition deficits and changes in adaptive nature of memory in normal aging and AD

Destination memory in Alzheimer's Disease: when I imagine telling Ronald Reagan about Paris

Destination memory refers to remembering the destination of information that people output. This present paper establishes a new distinction between external and internal processes within this memory system for both normal aging and Alzheimer\u27s Disease (AD). Young adults, older adults, and mild AD patients were asked either to tell facts (i.e., external destination memory condition) or to imagine telling facts (i.e., internal destination memory condition) to pictures of famous people. The experiment established three major findings. First, the destination memory performance of the AD patients was significantly poorer than that of older adults, which in turn was poorer than that of the young adults. Furthermore, internal destination processes were more prone to being forgotten than external destination memory processes. In other words, participants had more difficulty in remembering whether they had previously imagined telling the facts to the pictures or not (i.e., imagined condition) than in remembering whether they had previously told the facts to the pictures or not (i.e., enacted condition). Second, significant correlations were detected between performances on destination memory and several executive measures such as the Stroop, the Plus-Minus and the Binding tasks. Third, among the executive measures, regression analyses showed that performance on the Stroop task was a main factor in explaining variance in destination memory performance. Our findings reflect the difficulty in remembering the destination of internally generated information. They also demonstrate the involvement of inhibitory processes in destination memory

Music cues autobiographical memory in mild Alzheimer’s disease

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